惯例:每天写日记

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发布于2022年3月1日- 5分钟阅读

如果有目击证人的话, 确实是一个参与其中的参与者, in the birth of the United States as an independent, 主权国家, 是约翰·亚当斯. Although he defended British soldiers charged with killing Americans during the Boston Massacre, he devoted his life to the cause of American independence as a patriot, 大使, 马萨诸塞宪法的起草者, vice president and president of the United States.

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发布于12/20/2021 - 4分钟阅读

Months before delegates from twelve of the thirteen States convened in Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation, James Madison had already begun preparing proposals for a stronger government to address a wide array of complex issues threatening the very viability of the new nation. In fact, whether the former British colonies could even be considered a nation was doubtful. Delegates invariably used the term “my country” to refer to their own State, not the United States. 

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发布于12/13/2021 - 4分钟阅读

1789年4月底, 新一届美国国会召开了, 美国第一任总统宣誓就职. But the government would not be complete until a national judiciary was established.

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发布于12/6/2021 - 4分钟阅读

In the waning days of the Confederation Congress, it decided that members of the Electoral College would meet in their respective States on “the first Wednesday in February” to participate in choosing a President and a Vice President of the United States. 

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发布于2021年11月29日- 5分钟阅读

The last official day of Congress under the Articles of Confederation was March 3, 1789. 为了纪念这一时刻, 乔治堡一共发射了13门大炮, located at the end of Broadway in New York City where Congress had met from 1785. But the old Congress did not “go out with a bang;” it did not even end with a whimper. Unable to muster a quorum since October 1788, it simply faded away.

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发布于11/22/2021 - 5分钟阅读

1788年9月9日 宾夕法尼亚州的汞 demanded to know why Congress had not acted to organize the new government under the Constitution. It had been adopted not only by nine States, the required number for adoption, but by eleven. “The great voice of the people has not been respected by our rulers,” it complained. “The impending ruin which has long threatened to overwhelm the United States, 而不是激励他们行动起来, 似乎让他们陷入了昏睡.”

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发布于11/15/2021 - 5分钟阅读

The Constitution was officially adopted on June 21 when New Hampshire became the ninth State to vote for ratification, followed by Virginia and New York by the end of July. North Carolina and Rhode Island were the outliers, still refusing to join their sister States and choosing, 至少暂时如此, 留在欧盟之外. Complicating matters were the circular letter sent by New York to the States and the practical details of transitioning from the Articles of Confederation to the new Constitution.

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发布于11/8/2021 - 4分钟阅读

6月24日, news had arrived in New York that the ninth State required to adopt the new Constitution had been achieved by New Hampshire’s ratification, 几天后弗吉尼亚也加入了. 在这一点上, the ultimate question facing the New York ratifying convention was whether to join the “more perfect union” or to go it alone. 但是一个多月了, 聚集在波基普西的代表们继续努力, proposing amendment after amendment and debating whether New York could ratify “conditionally.”

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发布于2021年11月1日-阅读4分钟

Anti-Constitutionalist delegates to the New York ratifying convention continued to offer amendments to the proposed new form of government on a daily basis; in effect, attempts to re-write the document they zealously sought to defeat. 仅7月2日, 提出了十多项修正案, ranging from requiring a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress for the federal government to borrow money, to assuring that “the power of Congress to establish post offices and post-roads is not to be construed to extend to the laying out, 使, 改变, 或者修理高速公路, 在任何一个州, without the consent of the legislature of such state.”

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发布于2021年10月25日- 4分钟阅读

Robust debate at New York’s ratifying convention began just days before New Hampshire ratified the Constitution on June 21 and a week before Virginia ratified four days later. But news of New Hampshire’s ratification did not arrive in New York until June 24. 与此同时, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison maintained a constant flow of correspondence between them, 很清楚他们事业的脆弱.

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